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<title>Military expression</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military expression</span></span>

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<p><b>Military expression</b> is an area of <a href="Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military law</a> pertaining to the <a href="United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a> that relates to the <a href="Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> rights of its service members.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While "military free speech" was the term used during the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> era, "military expression" has become a niche area of <a href="Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military law</a> since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides media references relating to specific cases, the term was used at military <a href="Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> committee hearings with members of the <a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and Senate on May 14, 2008. Transcripts of the hearings show that attorney <a href="Mike_Lebowitz" title="Mike Lebowitz">Mike Lebowitz</a> was identified as testifying as a legal expert in "military expression".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That hearing also included references by U.S. Representative <a href="Sheila_Jackson_Lee" title="Sheila Jackson Lee">Sheila Jackson Lee</a> (D-TX) who also referred to the area of law as "military expression".

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_on_military_expression">Limitations on military expression</h2></div>

<p>While the civilian population of the United States is afforded the right to free expression under the <a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>, the <a href="U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> has affirmed the notion that service members have a reduced level of free speech.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Court acknowledged that service members do have First Amendment rights, these rights are limited:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The armed forces depend on a command structure that at times must commit men to combat, not only hazarding their lives but ultimately involving the security of the Nation itself. Speech that is protected in the civil population may nonetheless undermine the effectiveness of response to command. If it does, it is constitutionally unprotected.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_September_11,_2001">After September 11, 2001</h2></div>

<p>With the advent of the <a href="Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003, the issue of military expression was again in the public eye as a relatively small number of service members and veterans began demonstrating. One case revolved around a former Marine (still under contract with the <a href="Individual_Ready_Reserve" title="Individual Ready Reserve">IRR</a>) who was photographed by the <i><a href="Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> wearing a partial uniform during an anti-war demonstration in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-david_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individual faced disciplinary action for his participation in this demonstration, as well as for a politically charged email he sent to a Marine officer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in this case, the service member avoided the other than honorable discharge being sought by the military due to the First Amendment arguments posed on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-david_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That case, which was argued by attorney <a href="Mike_Lebowitz" title="Mike Lebowitz">Mike Lebowitz</a> in representation of anti-war and political activist <a href="Adam_Kokesh" title="Adam Kokesh">Adam Kokesh</a>, is regarded as the first military expression case of its kind to result generally favorably for the service member.<sup id="cite_ref-justine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_technology">Effects of technology</h2></div>

<p>Political speech, to include being active in a political party, also has become an issue as the Internet and email permits easier participation despite rules against such activity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissent_by_military_officers_and_enlisted_personnel" title="Dissent by military officers and enlisted personnel">Dissent by military officers and enlisted personnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraq_Veterans_Against_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Veterans Against the War">Iraq Veterans Against the War</a></li>

<li>Kiel, John L. Jr., When Soldiers Speak Out: A Survey of Provisions Limiting Freedom of Speech in the Military" <i> Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, </i> Autumn 2007. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221753/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/07autumn/kiel.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221753/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/07autumn/kiel.pdf</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVagts1957" class="citation journal cs1">Vagts, Detlev F. (February 1957). "Free Speech in the Armed Forces". <i><a href="Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>57</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>218. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1119794">10.2307/1119794</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1119794">1119794</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4895173605">4895173605</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleconservativeparty.com/stm">Yale Conservative Party</a> lecture for 2009 titled "Military Expression in the Modern Armed Forces"</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">transcripts for May 14, 2008, see also <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> coverage of hearings</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=417&invol=733">Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 758 (1974)</a></i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-supreme-court/417/733.html">"PARKER v. LEVY, 417 U.S. 733 (1974)"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-david-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2007" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, David (31 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/30/AR2007053002627_pf.html">"Antiwar to the Corps: Marine Reservist-Protesters Face Discipline"</a>. <i><a href="Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Koff, "Corps accused of 'muzzle' tactics", <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>, May 31, 2007</span>

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<li id="cite_note-justine-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-justine_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSharrock2008" class="citation news cs1">Sharrock, Justine (29 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2008/09/iraq-veterans-speak-out-against-war">"Zip It, Soldier!: What happens to Iraq veterans who speak out against the war?"</a>. <i><a href="Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern Whig Party has Appeal to Some Troops," by William H. McMichael <i>Military Times</i> on June 23, 2008</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLombardi2020" class="citation book cs1">Lombardi, Chris (2020). <i>I Ain't Marching Anymore: Dissenters, Deserters, and Objectors to America's Wars</i>. New York: The New Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1620973172</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Military_expression&oldid=1293825637">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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